What is a certificate of occupancy?

A certificate of occupancy (CO) is the final step in the building permit process, certifying that a structure is safe and code-compliant for its intended use.

When a CO is required:

• New construction of any occupied building
• Change of use (e.g., converting commercial space to residential)
• Major renovations that affect the building's occupancy classification
• After significant damage and repair

What the CO confirms:

• The building was constructed in accordance with approved plans
• All required inspections have been passed
• The structure meets current building, fire, and zoning codes
• The building is safe for its intended occupancy type and load
• All required safety systems (fire alarms, sprinklers, exits) are operational

The process:

1. Complete all construction work per the approved plans

2. Pass all required inspections including the final inspection

3. Submit any required documentation (as-built drawings, test reports)

4. The building official issues the CO once satisfied that all requirements are met

5. Occupancy is legal only after the CO is issued

Types of occupancy certificates:

• Certificate of Occupancy (CO): Full approval for permanent occupancy
• Temporary Certificate of Occupancy (TCO): Allows limited occupancy while minor items are completed, typically valid for 90-180 days
• Certificate of Compliance: Used for non-occupied projects (like fences or retaining walls)

Important notes:

• Occupying a building without a required CO is a violation that can result in fines
• Lenders typically require a CO before funding a construction loan's final draw
• Insurance policies may be affected if you occupy without a CO